Jeffersons Pillow essays

Jefferson's Pillow expositions Who were the authors of America? At the point when one thinks about the words establishing fathers, the primary thing that should ring a bell are national figures like George Washington, James Madison, George Mason and Thomas Jefferson. Despite the fact that these men are authors of America, they were additionally organizers of a social foundation that would be installed in American life for many years. This social organization is also called bondage. In the book Jeffersons Pillow by Roger Wilkins, Wilkins examines the genuine truth about the authors and the establishing of the country. The standard anecdote about the establishing of the country has been told a great many occasions, yet there is consistently one significant piece of the story that is forgotten about. The voices that are never heard are the voices of blacks in the general public of the new country. The pages of a great many history books are loaded up with the achievement of whites, yet there consistently appear to be clear pages that ought to contain the account of the commitment of blacks. This reality upsets numerous blacks today and at last outcomes in the demise of dark energy. The possibility that blacks never existed is because of the way that Washington, Madison, Mason, and Jefferson were attempting to delete history while they were composing it. With the end goal for blacks to pick up nationalism and to comprehend what our identity is, we should test all the more profoundly into who these four [men] were.(Wilkins 10) George Washington is known as the principal father of the nation, however should be thought of as the main man to delete the composition on the writing board. He was a man of numerous points of interest and extraordinary achievement. Washington is constantly commended and lauded for the work he accomplished for the nation, however many don't have a clue or decide to disregard the opposite side of this man. His opposite side was confronted with a battle managing thoughts on bondage. For instance, Washington frantically required men to battle, yet would not let the 20% of the dark populace battle. It is characteristic ... <!

Argument. Men and particularly princes Essay Example for Free

Contention. Men and especially sovereigns Essay Contention Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â Men and especially sovereigns should be cautious when settling on their choices and they ought not be worried by the settling on choices that consistently favors their subjects and companions however they ought to be concerned more on the results of their choices and whether those choices will profit their state. I emphatically accept that there ought not be methodology and strategies set to be utilized by sovereigns in managing their companions and subjects. This is on the grounds that various circumstances require to be dealt with contrastingly since the social orders continues changing and along these lines, sovereigns ought not follow set systems and strategies.  â â â â â â â â â â Princes are decided by their subjects through their characteristics which will make their subjects either to commend them or to accuse them. Notwithstanding, it would be extremely hard for the rulers to satisfy all the characteristics that their subjects anticipate that them should have because of human instinct. Thusly, sovereigns ought to be exceptionally mindful so as to escape from terrible notoriety of those indecencies which would cause them to lose the state.  â â â â â â â â â â I concur with the explanation that a quality which is by all accounts a righteousness, whenever sought after may wind up destructing the person who chooses to seek after such a quality; while another quality which gives off an impression of being a bad habit, if an individual chooses to seek after such a bad habit may wind up being increasingly useful to such an individual and to the general public. Along these lines, rulers ought to be reasonable when settling on choices since a quality which is by all accounts bad habit may wind up being a prudence, and the other way around.  â â â â â â â â â â Princes can be liberal which is by all accounts a righteousness yet may wind up giving them an awful notoriety among their subjects. This is on the grounds that such rulers perhaps liberal and wind up spending every one of their assets or overburdening their subjects with inordinate charges and doing everything conceivable so as to the assets. This nature of liberality may give such sovereigns a terrible notoriety and his liberality may wind up culpable their subjects along these lines detesting their rulers. Likewise through not being liberal may lead them to give off an impression of being a penny pincher as per their subjects.  â â â â â â â â â â For example, Pope Julius II despite the fact that he utilized his liberality to accomplish papacy anyway he chose to end his liberality so as to lessen the uses in order to have the option to take up arms. Along these lines, rulers should utilize any goodness, for example, liberality such that won't hurt them. In such manner, sovereigns ought to abstain from overburdening subjects or getting poor because of their liberality. Additionally, all together for a ruler to abstain from decimating their standard they ought wouldn't fret being marked as grumpy persons since this would be a key bad habit that would assist them with ruling their subjects.  â â â â â â â â â â Although sovereigns ought to abstain from being coldblooded and ought to be forgiving yet they ought to be mindful so as not to mishandle their benevolence. This is on the grounds that being too lenient might be mishandled which may prompt issue in a state coming about to expanded wrongdoings accordingly hurting the general public on the loose. For example, in spite of the fact that cesare Borgia was respected savage, he had the option to reestablish request, harmony and solidarity in Romagna through his cold-bloodedness. Hence sovereigns ought wouldn't fret being refereed to be coldblooded in their endeavors to keep their subjects steadfast and joined together. It would be a lot more secure for sovereigns to be dreaded than being adored by their subjects. In such manner they ought to successfully guarantee that there is organization, harmony and solidarity in their states regardless of whether it implies taking someone’s life to serve their s tates on the loose. This may result to a portion of their subjects detesting them nonetheless, this would be less unsafe to them and furthermore it would useful to their states on the loose.  â â â â â â â â â â Princes ought not mind much on staying faithful to their commitments to their subjects and in certain conditions the sovereigns should control their subject’s mind with wisdom if this would be progressively more secure for them and furthermore if this would be increasingly useful to their state. Sovereigns must know about how to manage various circumstances since satisfying their guarantees in certain conditions would carry damage to them and to their subjects. In such circumstances such rulers ought to be savvy and skill to mislead their subjects to abstain from satisfying their guarantees where they feel that keeping their words would carry mischief to their state or to themselves.  â â â â â â â â â â in such manner, rulers are not required to have all the great characteristics yet it is significant for them to show up as though they have them. This is on the grounds that having those all characteristics and rehearsing every one of them would bring more mischief. For instance, showing up being dependable, strict, lenient, reliable and altruistic among other great characteristics would be important and sovereigns should realize how to rehearse them in various circumstances, in any case, rehearsing every one of them would prompt more damage than anything else as subjects would abuse them to cause issue which may build the crime percentages which would be hurtful to the states. References Machiavelli, NiccoloãÅ"â‚ ¬. The sovereign. Beauty Fourche: NuVision Publications, 2004. Print. Source archive

My Tips for Budgeting Saving as a College Student

My Tips for Budgeting Saving as a College Student Ah, the life of a broke college student. With all of the living expenses thrown your way, financial literacy is an important skill to master during your time at college. Of course, everyone’s financial background and situation is different, but regardless, it is important to learn how to budget and save your money responsibly early on in your adult life. Over the past few years, I have learned just how beneficial and critical it is to develop sound money spending and saving habits now so that I will be less likely to make any grave money mistakes in the future. But saving money is daunting in college. Most college students do not have a large income, and it often seems like every payday you’re left with $10 after paying your bills, setting aside money for school-related purchases like books, and buying groceries. There are ways, though, to budget your money in a way that allows you to pay for all of your essential needs and still have some money leftover for saving (and fun purchases too!) One trick I’ve adapted to help me save money in college is getting an automatic savings app. At the end of last year, I downloaded the app Digit, which pulls money out of my account Monday through Friday and saves it for me in the app. What I love about Digit is that it learns your spending habits, particularly any bills or monthly payments you regularly make. The app then uses this information to make sure that it doesn’t take too much money out of your account if it knows that you have any bills coming up! Digit also allows you to pause saving whenever you want and set a low balance protection plan so that it doesn’t save any money for you if your account is below the dollar amount you set (if your account drops below this amount, it also will pull some of your saved money and put it back into your account.) While the app is $2.99 a month, I have found that it has helped me save money quickly without even having to do anything! Digit ensures that I am always saving money, and it made saving a lot less intimidating as well! Another budgeting tactic I use is buying cheaper alternatives when it comes to household essentials such as paper towels, trash bags, etc. Finding less expensive brands and stores that sell quality items is a great way to save money! Grocery shopping at Aldis and buying non-name brand household items that do not need to be the highest quality has allowed me to have extra money every month to save and to spend on the things that I like to treat myself to, like Starbucks and going out to eat with my friends. Determining what items are worth the splurge and what you can cut back on is one of the simplest and cheapest ways to budget your money in a smarter way. It costs you nothing and also helps you cut out any unnecessary expenses! I’ve also learned that it’s important to realize that there is no good or bad amount of money to save. Saving is saving, so if you can only afford to save $5 every two weeks, do that! Having some money set aside for emergencies and large expenses will always be better than having no money saved at all. Just be sure that you never save more money than you can afford. You might have to adjust your savings amount if your bills increase or you have a big payment coming up, but never let the amount discourage you from saving and budgeting your money. ?? Taylor Class of 2021 Hey y’all, I’m a History and Gender and Women Studies double major and a French minor from Chicago! I concentrate in all things Black and Black women studies and love long-distance running.

Jesus Christ Superstar A Fresh Modern Take - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 636 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Jesus Christ Essay Did you like this example? When NBC decided to take on a live-in-concert version of Jesus Christ Superstar on Easter Sunday, they were taking on a huge task that could easily turn disastrous. The 1970 rock opera album written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice followed by a spectacular movie adaptation by Norman Jewison in 1973 shone a new and controversial light on the days before Jesus crucifixion. With some disastrous live musicals lurking in the past, Jesus Christ Superstar had a lot to live up too, and ended up being a success in connecting to its audience. A stroke of genius with this task was the decision to perform the musical at the Marcy Avenue Armory in front of a live audience. With a mosh pit at the base of the stage, actors could interact with the audience members through handshakes and high fives. The frenzied energy from the audience buoyed the cast members and sustained vigor and liveliness to the production. This was especially seen with John Legends first appearance as Jesus Christ. The crowd was encouraged to go wild every time he appeared, thus adding to the idea that Jesus worshippers were becoming too fanatic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Jesus Christ Superstar: A Fresh Modern Take" essay for you Create order The second part that led to this masterpiece was the casting. In a musical entitled Jesus Christ Superstar, the star of the show was not John Legend, but was Hamilton alum Brandon Victor Dixon starring as a conflicted Judas. John Legends performance started off slow and his one-note acting held him back during moments that should have carried more emotion. However, he delivered where it most mattered with the beautifully tragic Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say). Dixon, however, captivated the audience throughout the entire production. His performance was powerful in the way that he consistently brought strength and emotion during his characters darkest hours. He finished with a spectacular and stunning rendition of the number Superstar. Dixons performance proved him to be the real superstar. The other cast members held their own weight. Sara Bareilles lent her gentle strength to her performance of Everythings Alright and I Dont Know How to Love Him. Ben Daniels imbued his role of Pontius Pilate with regality, and later on, with desperation and despair, as he realized he could not save Jesus Christ. A showstopper cameo that added to the nostalgia of this live production was the appearance of Alice Cooper in a gaudy and extravagant orange suit as King Herod. Again, the live audience came into play here as they fell in adoration at King Herods Song. The set was simple, but largely effective. Scaffolding loomed in the background with the stage clear for the casts large dance numbers. In one instance, this lack of the set fails. Instead of the traditional temple scene where Jesus destroys the vendors stalls, Superstars version is a wooden cross covered in glitter that the cast members writhe upon. This version failed to capture the destruction, the sacrilege committed, and Jesuss true anger at this blasphemy. On the other hand, Jesus crucifixion was a brilliant feat. He was lifted up in the air, as the walls behind him disappeared in a shape of the cross, and a heavenly light shone down. The creative artistry in this scene was stunning and left the audience with one last divine impression. Jesus Christ Superstar pulled off the miracle of being a successful televised live musical. The musical had a lot to live to up to following the widely popular 1973 movie, and yet, it channeled the nostalgia of the past while connecting to a new audience. With an energetic, multicultural cast littered with pop legends and Broadway stars, the vocal power was spectacular and mesmerizing. The interaction from the live audience lifted the performance to a new level and a new form of art. The resurrection of Jesus Christ Superstar was a superb achievement.

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living - 1834 Words

The unexamined life is not worth living. (Apology, 41e) Socrates held this statement to himself to a point where he allowed the courts to take his life because they don’t want him to continue his quest of insights, questions and knowledge. The philosophy of Socrates as explained by Plato offers an important concept of what it means to live the examined life and what makes a life either examined or unexamined. The combination of Euthyphro, The Apology and the Republic help understand what Socrates means when he says that the unexamined life is not worth living, proving it what he believed, a valid statement. What Socrates means by an unexamined life, is we are just coasting through and not making any decisions or asking any questions. What Socrates means by living the examined life, that it’s logical when people are striving to know themselves and to understand our lives if they have any meaning or value to them. An examined life would be trying to understand your purpo se of why you are here and what you are presently thinking. By examining your life, you therefore are understanding yourself and will not be subject to actions motivated by passion or instinct.Socrates uses examples defending his case about the unexamined life. â€Å"That is because I am so desirous of your wisdom, and I concentrate my mind on it, so that no word of yours may fall to the ground.† (Euthyphro, 18d) Socrates could not see a point in living if you were unable to ask questions and challenge your wayShow MoreRelatedUnexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1851 Words   |  8 Pagesconvicted for impiety to the gods and for corrupting the youth because he had taught the young adults to question, he was given the opportunity to propose his own penalty. He refused to give up his mission as the one calling Athens to the examined way of life. He refused to leave Athens, if the condition were to be that he had to give up teaching. He summed up his defense in the following way: If I say that I cannot hold my peace (by giving up my mission) because that would be to disobey the godRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1450 Words   |  6 Pagesb) The unexamined life is not worth living, quoted Socrates. It appears that, following his brilliant logic, the key to living philosophically is exactly how one interprets and scrutinizes their own life in a philosophical context. As with the nature of philosophy itself, living philosophically is also ambiguous, and it could very well be that one lives philosophically even if they do not necessarily realize it. Take, for instance, a person who questions why humans and all life forms must die;Read MoreUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For1300 Words   |  6 PagesUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For In this paper I will argue that Socrates is right about an unexamined life is no worth living for, however too much examination leads to the absurd and too little tends to keep you from obtaining knowledge, not being able to free your-self as humans are meant to be free. Socrates was a philosopher who believed that humans were meant to obtain all type of knowledge, and that such knowledge could only be achieved through examination. As Socrates stated â€Å"it is theRead MoreThe, The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1744 Words   |  7 Pages I wholeheartedly embrace the sentiments of Socrates when Plato stated in the Apology, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has evolved full circle. I finally understand the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. This course has put a lot of things into perspective for me by putting my thoughts, experiences, and feelings into words and statements that prior to I couldRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† This quote, by a famous philosopher Socrates, amplifies the idea of critical thinking and its true importance. This quote explains that if we as individuals do not evaluate ourselves, then we stop living as human beings.This quote can present what is truly at stake when dealing with critical thinking. Critical thinking allows human beings to question the status quo naturally with no effect. Critical thinking is an important practice and technique one shouldRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1344 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"An unexamined life is not worth living† Imagine living a life without change, development and growth. Imagine living a life without any consciousness of what life has to offer. As mind-boggling as this may sound, there are actually many people on this earth that have not taken the effort to know themselves. People should be able to fairly judge their lives. Man should be able to gain wisdom by the examinations of the deeds they’ve done to prepare for the future. Life is no longer worth livingRead MoreUnexamined Life Is Not Worth Living964 Words   |  4 Pagespremise that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living†. To understand this quote, we should know what a premise is in relation to his quote. A premise is using a statement to support an opinionated conclusion, for example, getting at least 7 hours of sleep a night lets you wake up not tired, proving that you should go to sleep early. So, what he means by an â€Å"unexamined life is not worth living† is that a life without being producti ve or bettering yourself isn’t a life worth living because you don’tRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living2068 Words   |  9 PagesProject Due Date: 12/04/2014 Date Submitted: 12/04/2014 Myth/Narrative I Am Living I enthusiastically embrace the sentiment of Socrates that, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has progressed full circle. I finally understand, to a greater extent, the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. Through the course readings, text, and concepts, the authors have inspiredRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1629 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living,† Plato says in The Apology. When people think about the great problems facing humanity, their attention tends to turn to issues such as poverty, warfare, pollution, and disease. While these problems are important and urgent, there are other problems which are equally urgent, but often overlooked. Are human beings born with a map for life? Can that map lead people to happiness? If there is a map, every human being can attain ha ppiness easily. Is there anyRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1978 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, has never spoken truer words. The unexamined life is a recurring theme in both Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave and Richard Wright’s The Library Card. There are many ways to achieve enlightenment, for example, going out and obtaining information, through individualism, learning from mistakes, becoming an intellectual reader, or contemplation. Enlightenment was important to both Plato and Richard Wright. Plato believed

Australian Constitution †Essay Free Essays

– Like the American political system, the Australian system is divided into two levels (federal and local), For instance the FED cannot tell the local government how to make their local laws and regulate their government and the local can’t do that to the FED. – The Australian Government is different from the United States though in that it has a Parliament like the British. The government is made up of the Prime Minister and his cabinet and at any time the Parliament (which is just like the American Congress) can remove the Government or force it to call an in which neither level can change the power of the other nor make laws that the other has rights over. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Constitution – Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now election. – Also the Australian Constitution does not say that a politician’s term has to be fixed like an American politician’s does. For instance the President will without a doubt serve a full four years baring impeachment or assignation, but in Australia Governor-General or Prime Minister can be kicked out at anytime – The U. S. Constitution clearly describes the separation of powers. The members of the executive branch cannot sit in Congress and so forth, but in the Australian Government has what they call an independent judiciary system where the government and parliament are not separated. The ministers can be members of parliament and the Prime Minister can dissolve parliament if he so chooses. – Like the U. S. the Australian Constitution is written down and is entrenched and very hard to change. Their constitution does most everything the American one does including separation of powers, division and powers of the different branches of government, has a form of supremacy clause which says commonwealth law is supreme over state law, and the last chapter deals with amending or changing the constitution. – Where the U. S. has a President who is head of the executive branch, the Australians have a Queen and her representative the Governor-General, who in many ways is like a president in that he is the Comand in Chief of the military. The Governor-General can however dissolve both houses of Parliament if they are deadlocked and he can appoint sitting time for the Parliament. As discussed earlier the Australians like the British have a Prime Minister. – Like the American Constitution the Australian one has a preamble but the constitution itself is divided into chapters, parts, and sections that deal with each specific form of government with the first being Parliament. The preamble is divided into parts where the rest of the constitution is in chapters with sections within each chapter. Overall the Australian Constitution is very much like ours in that it has to deal with the same problems that we do. It has sections that deal with race, equality, elections, and many other things. It seems that while the Australians seem to be more British in their political set up, they are in fact very much like us as well. While the country is trying to decide whether to be more like a monarchy as always or change into so mewhat of a republic, their constitution remains unchanging and the Supreme Law of the Land. How to cite Australian Constitution – Essay, Essay examples

Addressing Medication Errors Occurring in Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Addressing Medication Errors Occurring in Nursing. Answer: Introduction In any healthcare scenario, the process of achieving effective therapeutic outcomes depends on various factors like treatment process, patient safety, communication, nursing care, drug interventions etc. (Fletcher, Fletcher Fletcher, 2012). Any kind of minor or major mistake in any of these factors can lead to drastic loss of patient health and healthcare organisation. Out of these factors drug intervention or medication is the most fundamental requirement to achieve treatment. Any kind of mistake or negligence in drug intervention process can result in direct side effect on patients health (Grove, Burns Gray, 2014). According to Raban Westbrook (2014), medication error is reported to be a reason for thousands of demises and millions of hospitalisation globally. Hence, fixation of any medication error becomes a fundamental requirement in healthcare scenario. The medication administration and management is one of the fundamental nursing roles that critically depend on the nursing skills and knowledge. The nursing staffs have the responsibility to administrate, monitor and manage the drug intervention for hospitalised patients. Therefore, continuous observance, alertness and approaches are required in healthcare scenario to avoid the potential chances of medical error (Grove, Burns Gray, 2014). According to Unver, Tastan Akbayrak (2012) studies the proper definition for medication error is any avoidable incident that risks to incongruous medication use causing or leading patient harm, although being under the control of medical professional, carer or consumer. The medication error incidences are related to healthcare products, medical practices, medical prescriptions, procedures, nursing practices, product labelling, compounding, distribution, education, dispensing, monitoring, utilisation and communication. Any kind of negligence in these events can lead to medication errors. Therefore, adopting best possible strategies to avoid this medication error in healthcare scenario is one of the major priority concerns (Fletcher, Fletcher Fletcher, 2012). As a registered nurse, it is been noticed in my clinical scenario that issue of medication error is gaining a possible position where around 60% risk event in hospital occur due to medication negligences in the nursing care unit. Some of the most common factors related to these medication errors are new staff, insufficient training, incorrect administration technique, prescription errors (incorrect dosage), expired medication usage, wrong patient identification, and preparation errors (mixing incorrect multiple medications, dose calculation errors). These factorial causes of medication error indicate nursing medication negligence in the clinical scenario. Therefore, it is critically required to minimise these events and manage medication error to improve medical care facility provided by nursing care unit. This Quality Improvement Project is specifically designed to manage this issue of medication error in healthcare scenario. The various negligences and issues in nursing care will be addressed as per the quality improvement process provided in this project to get a control over events of medication error in the organisation. Statement of problem or clinical question The medication errors described above are clearly indicating the lack of knowledge, calibre and guidance provided to the nursing staff of the hospital. The administration, prescription and preparation errors directly specify the issue in nursing skills and practice. Therefore, this quality improvement project will work to improve the nursing skills by providing a Short-term Periodic Training (STPT) Program that will acknowledge the staff about different strategies to avoid such medication error while dealing with patients in the hospital. This nursing training program is safe and specifically developed to improve nursing practice within the short duration of time to improve medical care. Project Aim The aim of this quality improvement project will be to implement Short-term Periodic Training Program (STPT program) to overcome nursing issues and mishandling that are increasing the risk of medication errors in healthcare scenario of selected organisation. Relevance of project to clinical practice The medication error is always considered to be a major clinical issue because it directly affects the patient safety and treatment process. Any kind of minor negligence in medication process is prone to develop major clinical consequences (Fletcher, Fletcher Fletcher, 2012). This project will help to decrease the risk cases occurring due to medication errors caused by mishandling and negligences of nursing staff in the healthcare organisation. The Short-term Nursing Program will work to overcome the identified factors leading to the medication error in nursing care unit causing high risk to patient safety. Hence, this quality improvement intervention will help to overcome the medication error harming medical care process. Review literature Nursing and medication error The establishment of patient safety and health betterment is the very first priority of quality healthcare services management. There are various faults and errors that lead to the imbalance in quality outcomes where medication error holds a top most position. After doctors prescribe a medicine the major role players are the nurses whose fundamental work is to manage the treatment of their patient (Grove, Burns Gray, 2014). According to a recent study related to Medication Safety in Australia provided by Chiang et al. (2010) the faults in nursing administration leads to 70% medication errors. Faults like wrong dose, wrong rate, wrong volume or dose incompatibility were reason of 90% medication error in nursing care unit resulting in surgical requirement, long patient stay and permanent health defects in the patients. Unver, Tastan, Akbayrak (2012) studied the causes of medication error as per nurses viewpoint where the findings indicated more than ten leading factors of medication error responded by paediatric nurses. The major once were stress (70%), burnout (45%), complicated prescription (30%), unfamiliar medicines (40%), work pressure (35%), knowledge deficiencies (20%), and lack of facilities (4%). Further, in a survey studied by Pham et al. (2012) indicated that majority of nursing staff is not aware of the correct form of medication error. Only 20% nurses mentioned medication error as the wrong dose, incorrect time of dose, and wrong mode of transmission and wrong administration process. However, rest 80% of nurses mentioned medication error as lack of documentation and reporting as the medication error. Hence, this literature indicated a lack of proper nursing education that detects the wrong perceptions of nurses about medication error. Role of nursing education and training in medication error Kalisch Aebersold (2010) indicated that nursing experience and education is one of the critical factors that is directly linked to medication error. The less experienced and skilled nurses cause 50% of medication errors that includes wrong patient, incorrect dilution calculations, incorrect dosage, incorrect administration and improper reporting. Seys et al. (2012) supported by indicating that nave nurses are generally not able to recognise their medication error as well as they lack proper knowledge in warrant reporting. This indicates a lack in professional training system of the healthcare organisation. In the study of Sears, Goldsworthy Goodman (2010) related to nurses viewpoint on medication error, it is clearly indicated that lack of pharmacological knowledge is a major reason for medication error as per viewpoint of 237 professional nurses. Hence, this directly indicates a requirement of improved training intervention in nursing practice. Chhabra et al. (2012) studied in a survey that 80% of new nurses commit medication error in first six months of their nursing practice where 70% remained unreported by them and 10% caused serious health hazards to the patient. Successful strategies and programs to address medication errors committed by nurses There are different strategies and programs implemented at various organisations in a different manner to cope up with the medication error. Agyemang While (2010) Opine the use of different strategies to avoid three major causes that are knowledge gaps, performance lapse, and failure of the safety system of medication. The strategies of MEDMARX program are described below: - Implementation of health record reviewing process Patient and clinician education Bar-code medicine management Reviewing the medication reporting format Computerised medical entry Further, Mueller et al. (2012) studied that E-learning is the most contemporary form of nursing education with the help of which nurses can get instant solutions for their issue related to medication process. This e-learning strategy helped to improve pharmaceutical knowledge and dosage calculation for nurses. The E-learning facility is new to nursing practices but possesses potential positive outcomes. Seys et al. (2012) studied the use of one nursing education program named as SCRIPT study that was developed to improve the issues like unreadable prescriptions, improper antibiotics documentation, and poor communication leading to medication error. The SCRIPT abbreviation was used in a manner to detail educational message about the program that indicated, S: Senior doctor cross-check, C: Check allergies, R: wRite indications for antibiotics, I: (Initial Date) of charting medicine in parenthesis, P: PRINT and sign your name, T: Appropriate Targets for infusions in the nursing practice . The post education results indicated a decrease in prescription error, dose infusions and communication errors. Mohammad et al. (2010) studied an Evidence-based quality improvement program (IQ program) used in hospitals of sixteen states where 30% of 616 critical care hospitals participated in program implementation. The findings indicated that project was successful in improving medication quality and safety in 90% of hospitals. The program used five strategies that are maintaining skilled nursing and pharmacist staff, use of pharmacological reconciliation techniques, implementing technological softwares (telehealth), improving nurse workflow and improving cultural defects in the organisation. Kwan et al. (2013) indicated that reviewing and updating service techniques with education and training on the periodic basis is effective to refine the nursing staff as per dwelling issues and problems in healthcare. This periodic training program can help to regularly update healthcare services as per the changing environmental complex situations. Outline of project procedure and Dissemination of findings This Quality Improvement research proposal will work to rectify the on-going medication errors that clearly highlight a lack of pharmaceutical knowledge, skills and training in the nursing staff of the organisation. The identified issue are insufficient training, incorrect administration technique, prescription errors (incorrect dosage), expired medication usage, wrong patient identification, and preparation errors (mixing incorrect multiple medications, dose calculation errors) that are leading to medication error establishment. Therefore, to overcome these factors that dwell medication error a Short-term Periodic Training Program (STPT) will be proposed in this project that will help to overcome these issues in the clinical scenario. This STPT will be a short-term 5 days training that will be provided to nursing staff of organisation in every six months to address the identified medication errors. As per the detected causes of medication error, this STPT will be designed and modified in every 6 month period by the experts to upgrade the nursing education and knowledge to cope up with changing healthcare environment and to address the medication errors for medical care improvement. This STPT program will involve an array of five strategies where each strategy will be guided to nurses on each day of the program. These strategies will be produced as per the identified medication error and mistakes in healthcare functionality. The establishment of STPT program will help to achieve equilibrium to manage the regular issues in medication services as well as the program will work to regularly upgrade the skills, education and knowledge of nursing staff within the organisation. Hence, this intervention will provide a regular process to control the medication complexity and establish the proper working environment. This quality improvement intervention will be planned using PDSA approach to regularly analyse the outcomes of this program. According to Nakayama et al. (2010) P-plan, D-do, S-study and A-act is a cycle that helps to analyse the impact of any trail or change in particular scenario. The planning phase involves the planning of change, do phase involves the implementation of change, study phase is accessing or studying the outcomes of change, and act phase involve determining the modification required in next change cycle. PDSA is considered as the ideal model of improvement. Figure 1: PDSA approach for quality improvement (Source: Nakayama et al. 2010, p. 337) In this project, PDSA cycle will be used to implement and test the effect of STPT program for addressing medication error. The below provided is the PDSA design and processes that will lead to development and evaluation of quality improvement program STPT for addressing the medication error in the present clinical scenario. P-Plan Team assembly Creating aim statement Determining the current approach Identifying the potential solutions For the planning phase, the required authorities that include management committee, medical specialists, senior nursing staff and senior pharmacist will be invited to attend a meeting where the medication issues identified will be discussed in details. The aim statement will be to educate nursing staff as per the identified medication error causes in the clinical scenario. The issues will be identifies using the baseline performance audit and health information data of the involved patients. As per the discussion, possible solutions or strategies will be identified to manage these issues. As the current issues are lack of pharmaceutical knowledge, skills and training in nursing staff the proposed training and education strategies are: - Educating about five rights of medication administration that are the right drug, right patient, right time, right route and right dosage. Educating about reconciliation procedures Educating about e-learning process to improve knowledge Educating about process to documenting medication information and reporting medication error Guiding about the use of drug guide and suggesting to carry it all the time (Jones Treiber, 2010). D-Do Analyse the improvement theory Initiate the STPT program intervention Collect the data to analyse Document the collected information The education program will be conducted with complete medical, pharmaceutical and surgical nursing staff. The program process will be carried for five days (2 hours) where each day a particular strategy will be taught by nursing teachers to the staff using audio-visual presentations. The education program will be designed as time efficient and simple. After the completion of the program a feedback form will be generated that is required to be filled by each participant of the program. This feedback data will help to analyse the effectiveness of program among audiences. After the completion of the educational program, a post-intervention will be checked for next five-week to detect the improvements in medication errors. S-Study Studying and analysing the collected data Identifying the errors and improvements In this phase of PDSA analysis, the collected feedback and audit information will be analysed to detect the improvement in medication error factors, mortality and serious hospitalisation, and impact on nursing staff for the implemented STPT program. A-Act Re-analysing the STPT program strategies Establishing future strategies Improving errors in plan This phase of PDSA cycle is to re-examine the error in program development and implementing the possible solution for mistakes detected as per analysis. The modifications will be made in program education strategies in the next STPT program as per the identified medication errors in clinical functionality. As per this quality improvement project of implementing a Short-term periodic training program to overcome medication error in organisation, it is expected that findings will demonstrate a clear decrease in the medication error events and improvement in patient safety. The PDSA approach applied for quality improvement development and analysis allows reviewing the program strategy in every periodic repetition of STPT program. Hence, this technique can be modified as per post education intervention outcomes using PDSA model of quality improvement. References Fletcher, R. H., Fletcher, S. W., Fletcher, G. S. (2012).Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. R. (2014).Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Agyemang, R. E. O., While, A. (2010). Medication errors: types, causes and impact on nursing practice.British journal of Nursing,19(6). Chhabra, P. T., Rattinger, G. B., Dutcher, S. K., Hare, M. E., Parsons, K. L., Zuckerman, I. H. (2012). Medication reconciliation during the transition to and from long-term care settings: a systematic review.Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,8(1), 60-75. Chiang, H. Y., Lin, S. Y., Hsu, S. C., Ma, S. C. (2010). Factors determining hospital nurses' failures in reporting medication errors in Taiwan.Nursing outlook,58(1), 17-25. Jones, J. H., Treiber, L. (2010). When the 5 rights go wrong: medication errors from the nursing perspective.Journal of Nursing Care Quality,25(3), 240-247. Kalisch, B. J., Aebersold, M. (2010). Interruptions and multitasking in nursing care.The joint commission journal on quality and patient safety,36(3), 126-132. Kwan, J. L., Lo, L., Sampson, M., Shojania, K. G. (2013). Medication reconciliation during transitions of care as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_2), 397-403. Mohammad Nejad, I., Hojjati, H., Sharifniya, S. H., Ehsani, S. R. (2010). Evaluation of medication error in nursing students in four educational hospitals in Tehran.Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine,3, 60-69. Mueller, S. K., Sponsler, K. C., Kripalani, S., Schnipper, J. L. (2012). Hospital-based medication reconciliation practices: a systematic review.Archives of internal medicine,172(14), 1057-1069. Nakayama, D. K., Bushey, T. N., Hubbard, I., Cole, D., Brown, A., Grant, T. M., Shaker, I. J. (2010). Using a plan-do-study-act cycle to introduce a new OR service line.AORN journal,92(3), 335-343. Pham, J. C., Aswani, M. S., Rosen, M., Lee, H., Huddle, M., Weeks, K., Pronovost, P. J. (2012). Reducing medical errors and adverse events.Annual review of medicine,63, 447-463. Raban, M. Z., Westbrook, J. I. (2014). Are interventions to reduce interruptions and errors during medication administration effective?: a systematic review.BMJ quality safety,23(5), 414-421. Sears, K., Goldsworthy, S., Goodman, W. M. (2010). The relationship between simulation in nursing education and medication safety.Journal of Nursing Education,49(1), 52-55. Seys, D., Wu, A. W., Van Gerven, E., Vleugels, A., Euwema, M., Panella, M., ... Vanhaecht, K. (2012). Health care professionals as second victims after adverse events: a systematic review.Evaluation the health professions, 0163278712458918. Unver, V., Tastan, S., Akbayrak, N. (2012). Medication errors: perspectives of newly graduated and experienced nurses.International journal of nursing practice,18(4), 317-324.

All About the French Regular Verb Passer (to Pass)

All About the French Regular Verb 'Passer' ('to Pass') Passer (to pass) is a very common and useful regular -er verb, by far the largest group of verbs in the French language. It may be used as a transitive verb that takes a direct object or an intransitive verb, and in doing so, its  compound tenses  are conjugated with either  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre. Intransitive Passer   à ªtre With no direct object, passer means to pass and requires à ªtre in the compound tenses: Le train va passer dans cinq minutes.   The train is going to pass / go past in five minutes.Nous sommes passà ©s devant la porte midi.   We passed by the door at noon When followed by an infinitive, passer means to go / come to do something: Je vais passer te voir demain.   Ill come (by to) see you tomorrow.Pouvez-vous passer acheter du pain  ?   Can you go buy some bread? Transitive Passer Avoir When passer is transitive and has a direct object, it means to pass, to cross, to go through, and it requires avoir as the auxiliary verb  in the compound tenses. On doit passer la rivià ¨re avant le coucher du soleil.   We need to cross the river before sunset.Il a dà ©j passà © la porte.   He has already gone through the door. Passer is also used transitively with a period of time to mean to spend: Nous allons passer deux semaines en France.   Were going to spend two weeks in FranceJai passà © trois mois sur ce livre.   Ã‚  I spent 3 months on that book Transitive versus Intransitive While the meanings are nearly the same, the difference is in the object (the noun following the verb). If there is no object, or if a preposition separates the verb and object, the verb is intransitive, as in Je suis passà © devant la porte. If theres no preposition, as in Jai passà © la porte, its transitive. Se Passer The pronominal se passer most often means to take place, to happen, or, in reference to time, to go by. Quest-ce qui se passe  ?   Whats going on?Tout sest bien passà ©.   Everything went smoothly.Deux jours se sont passà ©s.   Two days went by. Expressions With Passer With  idiomatic expressions  using the French verb  passer, you can butter someone up,  handcuff someone, kick the bucket, and more. passer   clothing  Ã‚  to slip on/intopasser   infinitive  Ã‚  to go do somethingpasser la douane   to go through customspasser la radio/tà ©là ©   to be on the radio/TVpasser lheure dà ©tà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  to turn the clocks foward, begin daylight saving timepasser lheure dhiver  Ã‚  to turn the clocks back, end daylight saving timepasser pas lents   to pass slowlypasser de bons moments   to have a good timepasser de bouche en bouche   to be rumored aboutpasser des faux billets   to pass forged moneypasser devant Monsieur le maire   to get marriedpasser du coq là ¢ne  Ã‚  to change the subject, make a non sequiturpasser en courant   to run pastpasser en revue   to list; to go over in ones mind, go through  (figurative)  passer (en)   ordinal number  Ã‚  to put in ___ gearpasser là ¢ge de   to be too old forpasser larme gauche  (familiar)  Ã‚  to kick the bucketpasser la journà ©e/soirà ©e   to spend the day/eveningpasser la main d ans le dos quelquun   to butter someone uppasser la tà ªte la porte   to poke ones head around the door passer le cap   to get past the worst, turn the corner, get over the hurdlepasser le cap des 40 ans   to turn 40passer le poteau   to cross the finish linepasser les bornes   to go too farpasser les menottes quelquun   to handcuff someonepasser par   to go through (an experience or intermediary)passer par de dures à ©preuves   to go through some rough timespasser par toutes les couleurs de larc-en-ciel   to blush to the roots of ones hair, to turn pale (from fear)passer par luniversità ©   to go through collegepasser pour   to take for, be taken forpasser quelque chose quelquun   to pass/hand something to someonepasser quelque chose aux/par profits et pertes   to write something off (as a loss)passer quelque chose en fraude   to smuggle somethingpasser quelque chose sous silence   to pass something over in silencepasser quelquun tabac   to beat someone uppasser quelquun par les armes   to shoot someone by firing squadpasser sa colà ¨re sur quelqu un   to take out ones anger on someone passer sa mauvaise humeur sur quelquun   to take out ones bad mood on someonepasser sa vie faire   to spend ones life doing Conjugations You can see all the tenses  of passer, both simple and compound,  conjugated elsewhere. For now, below is the present tense to illustrate that passer hews exactly to regular -er conjugation endings.   Present tense: je passetu  passesil passenous  passonsvous  passezils  passent

Major Problems In US to 18 Chapter 1 Review essays

Major Problems In US to 18 Chapter 1 Review essays Although many people believe that the Americas were discovered by Christopher Columbus, there were many people here before his arrival. These people were native Indian tribes such as the Aztecs and the Anasazi. These native people were very civilized. When the Europeans did arrive the interactions between them and the Indians were very difficult. They were very different people. They had different religion, appearances, work roles between men and women, notions of private property, and governmental structures. Eventually the Europeans will lead to the death of all the natives. They brought warfare and disease, which the natives had never dealt with prior to their arrival. In the documents, the Europeans and the Indians speak many different views. In the first document by Christopher Columbus, he tells of the land and people. He describes the land as beautiful and rich. He realizes the value of this land for building and farming. He also says that the land contains great mines of gold. He describes the natives appearances as naked. He also thinks that they are somewhat unintelligent because they do not know the value of trade. They trade not for value but for use. An example that he uses is that they value a broken useless piece of glass as a jewel. They also trade with him a broken strap for two and a half castellanos of gold. Columbus also does not understand the religion of the Indians. They have no one god like he does. They worship many gods from the sky. In Document 2 the conquest of the Aztecs is discussed. The warfare was brutal. The stabbing, beating and killing of the Indians left the Indians in terror. They had never seen this violence nor had they seen the warfare before. They had no iron or steel like the Spanish had. The Spanish stole all valuables, killed many through famine and murder, and left them without a leader who died of the small pox disease that the Spanish spread. In d...

Strategic Financial Management - Coursework one

Strategic Financial Management - one - Coursework Example The shareholder and the stakeholder are two important people in the organization. The shareholder is the owner and financier of the organization. It is therefore a noble objective, that any policy initiated by the organization, should aim at benefiting the shareholder. This is always depicted through a rise in their share prices, and periodic payment of dividends. This is the concept which is referred to as maximization of the wealth of the shareholder (Roe and Law, 2001). Another important constituency that contributes to the value of a company is the stakeholder. This is an individual who has the capability of affecting or being affected by the policies of an organization. These people include customers, the community where the company is operating, the government, suppliers, creditors, etc. This paper provides a discussion on whether maximization of shareholders wealth is a realistic objective by the company. After the financial crisis of the late 2000, and the emergence of the Enron scandal, there has been a critique of shareholder wealth maximization by experts of business and management. In as much as focusing on the value of the shareholder has the capability of benefiting the owners of a corporation, it is unable to provide a clear guidance that can be used for purposes of measuring social issues such as environmental, employment and ethical business practices (Kolb, 2008). For instance, the management can be involved in the maximization of the value of a shareholder, consequently lowering the welfare programs of third parties. For instance, in a bid to maximize the wealth of shareholders, the company may be forced to pay low salaries to its employees. A company such as Wal-Mart is constantly accused of underpaying its employees, for purposes of generating more profits to its owners. In fact, as of the year 2014, Wal-Mart is the company that had

Spatial patterns in Okinawa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Spatial patterns in Okinawa - Essay Example Okinawa was originally occupied by the Archipelagos who used to make the region prosperous in trade during the fourteenth and sixteenth century, this is because, and it was used as an avenue for exchange between Japan and the South Eastern Asia. Okinawa island has been put into consideration by the Japanese government whereby, we find that the region is to be put under a high Administrative Management, where various principles are to be applied these include the self-reliance principle, through which the people are given an opportunity to collaborate both nationally and internationally in the development of the Okinawa Island. There are also plans to allow the industrial growth through the enhancement of employment opportunities for the people, health care provision to the people and the discovery of high-quality technological advancement and the new ways of managing human resources that will always contribute in the economic growth of the region. The island is located between the Kyusyu and Taiwan, including the major cities of Asia such as Taipei, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Seoul, Manila and Tokyo that are said to be occupying part of the Okinawa Island. The island population had engaged in exclusive cultural activities such as textiles, arts and customs performance and potteries which basically contributed in the overseas trade. The geographical composition of this island include; the coral rocks, through which the rain water filter through and creating many caves on the island, this caves are said to have played a major role in the war of Okinawa where most people were using them as there areas for hiding from their enemies.

Online Risks Of Internet Shopping

Online Risks Of Internet Shopping Globalization of the economies in the world has created opportunities for business. As the result of these opportunities, competition or rivalry has increased which means businesses have moved and looked to provide unconventional ways for marketing. One of the unconventional ways in which marketing can be done is through the Internet, this has become such a must have tool for people who wants to do business without limits. Although many businesses are quickly adopting the Internet as the means through which they can efficiently and economically conduct their marketing activities, there are many risks associated with using it. For example, the Internet has very little security and any company using the Internet risks disclosure of proprietary information. However, these are risks affecting companies selling through Internet. But what risks do consumers face or perceive when shopping online? Shopping on internet is poses risks and threat but what do we know about risk perception of consumers or buyers who purchase through this medium? Consumers perceive risks in most store purchase decisions, and the general conclusion from direct-marketing related studies is that consumers associate a higher level of risk with non-store purchase than store purchase decisions (Samadi and Yaghoob-Nejadi, 2009). These questions have not been addressed in the research on Internet marketing. In fact, most of the recent studies have been concentrated in on the pros and cons marketing on the World Wide Web, but none addresses the issues raised here about the consumers concerns in virtual shopping. This study aims to provide not only in-depth review of the types of perceived online risks and its application to internet shopping but also the similarities between businesses and consumers risk perception of online shopping risk, and their influence to purchase intention. BACKGROUND STUDY _ The introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has changed the way business is done in a so many ways. The use of the web-enabled technologies is still on the rise and this has made it possible to identify new ways and new avenues of doing business. The diffusion of information, the development of new technologies, the promotion and sales of products and services, and the collaboration between those in a supply chain can all be regarded as the benefits of e-Commerce (EC) (defined as The process of buying, selling, or exchanging products and services or information via computer (Turban, Lee, Kung and Chung, 2010, p. 46). The ability to use e-commerce technologies was made possible in late 1970s. During this time, e-commerce meant the execution of commercial transactions electronically with the help of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). In 1991, the Internet was opened for commercial use and started becoming popular in 1994 (E-Commerce Land, 2004). Subsequently, it took almost four years to develop security protocols like Hypertext Transfer Protocol (https). Amazon was one of the first E-Commerce businesses to establish a secure market. E-commerce may be defined as The process of buying, selling, or exchanging products and services or information via computer (Turban et al, 2010, p. 46). Alternately it may also be defined as All electronically mediated information exchanges between an organisation and its external stake-holders. (Chaffey, Mayer, Johnston, and Ellis-Chadwick, 2000) According to Turban et al (2010) e-commerce applications are a particular kind of web applications with similar requirements like good navigational structures, usable interfaces, a clear domain model, and others. Electronic Commerce is classified roughly into two categories: Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer Electronic Commerce (B2C). B2B is commerce where purchase and sale transactions occur not between individuals but between companies by using the Web and extranets. B2C is commerce where these transactions take place between the consumers and the sellers via the Internet [Lee et al, 2002a]. Individuals can purchase goods and services from retailers electronically through B2C commerce, who in turn can use B2B commerce to link directly to their suppliers. For the purpose of this research I will use B2C category. Online consumer behaviour is a research area with an increasing number of publications per year. Although researchers have made noticeable progress with respect to the scope, quality and quantity of research, there are still significant disagreements about the findings in this area (Samadi and Yaghoob-Nejadi, 2009). One of the most widely accepted consumer behavior theory is how consumers perceived the various risk aspects in various buying conditions. Since Bauer (1967) stimulated marketing researchers to incorporate the concept of perceived risk into the marketing literature, perceived risk has been of great interest to marketing researchers (Cox, 1967; Roselious, 1971; Mitchell and Greatorex, 1999; and Cases, 2003). In fact, shopping online brings together conflict between risk perception and purchase decisions. A variety of previous studies have listed security, privacy, and difficult to judge quality of product as the main concerns of online shoppers (Ainscough and Luckett, 1996; Herbig and Hale, 1997; Liberman and Stashevsky, 2002; Park and Jun, 2003, Cunningham, et al., 2005). There has also been attempts to investigate the perceived risk in Internet usage context (Bhavnagar, Misra and Rao, 2000; Liebermann and Stashevsky, 2002; Lim, 2003). However, the empirical research for online consumers perceived online risk has not been conclusive. It is possible that part of the reason for the limited findings of the previous studies is that consumers risk perceptions from the previous store purchasing environments have not been fully reflected into the current Internet purchasing situation. Festervand, Snyder, and Tsalikis (1986) emphasized on the influence of risk perception from the previous purchase in the different shopping environments. There is no record of studies that has investigated or developed a comprehensive set of consumers perceived online risks both from consumer and business point of view, and examine how they are related to each other or whether the influence of some of these areas may be mediated by others to consumers purchase intention. Thus, if some types of risks are mediated by others, not all risk aspects would relate to consumers purchase intention. Only risk aspects directly associated with shopping behaviors and/or attitudes may relate to consumers purchase decision. In regards to security issues, Black (2005) said, the biggest barrier to e-commerce growth is not technology, but peoples attitude towards it. Consumers are still finding it difficult to trust the online world as an entity. For e-commerce to become a viable market place, the public must trust the internet. The future success of e-commerce will be dependant not only on forging initial trust, but also on developing long-term relationships to facilitate confidence and credibility. This dissertation aims to add to the existing literature (Baseline, 2006, Zuccato, 2007, Damini, Eloff and Eloff, 2009 and Kim, Tao, Shin and Kim, 2009) by looking at how consumer perception of risk in online shopping has impacted on their customers expectations. RESEARCH STRUCTURE _ This looks is a bare bones plan which was drafted at the beginning of the research, it was reviewed at the end of the research. This is a time scale of my dissertation; this has been produced using Microsoft project management and spreadsheet excel applications, a Gantt chart and excel spreadsheet. On the timeline there are following highlighted main activities: Literature Review this will include using previous academic writing to apply to the subject and see how far these source agree/disagree with what has been already done. This section is also broken down into two major sections; Consumers perceived online risk a look into how consumers perceive risks and how this affect their online engagement Business perceptions of consumers perceived online risks this section carries and in-depth analysis of how businesses perceive consumers online threats. Data collections: using the methods mentioned under research methodology, this will entail the techniques and methods used to collect data, there will be secondary data used on business side of research and a mix of both primary and secondary data on consumer point of view. Findings: this simply means, gathering all the data collected and reporting them as they are without doing any analysis. Analysis and Conclusion lastly the thorough analysis of my findings, the quantitative data, conclusion, and recommendations (For more details, please see appendix a excel spreadsheet 1) AIMS AND OBJECTIVES _ Although, e-Commerce has grown and become an important tool for some, there is still reluctance in people in embracing this because of the perceived risk of fear over online shop. The main aim of the study will be to find out how real are the fears in terms of system security, reliability, standards, and security of private financial information, such as disclosing credit cards and personal information for the consumers while shopping online. Below is a list of objectives in bullet points:- Identify the types of perceived online risks and threats from academic point of view (e.g. functional, physical, financial, social and psychological) Identify the concepts of perceived risks and trust in relation to internet shopping Identify the types of security threats in the online shopping environment from consumers point of view Identify [online] businesses perception of consumers perceived online risks and threats Examine whether the identified threats and perceived risks from the businesses are similar to those of the consumers For further clear outline of the objectives in diagram (see appendix 2) ETHICS ISSUES _ So far, there are no threats in regards to ethics problems during my research; I will be using primary data which is will be collected by myself and plenty of secondary data available. The data collected will be treated as confidential; I will deal with data collection and analyzing findings myself. If research findings contradict my developing argument, it will be my responsibility to include undermining facts as opposed to the data collected and change the research objectives. Ethics review form attached. (ethics agreement form is attached at the back on this report, see appendix 3) RESEARCH LIMITATIONS _ The first and foremost limitation of this study will be the honesty and accuracy of information given by research respondents/participants. This can sway or affect the findings and therefore the analysis of the research. There is medium probability of this limitation to exist in this study because of the secondary data which will be used, and that most marketing firm will give money for the participants to take part in surveys. A potential limitation of this study may be time, due to the time constraints especially in the third semester of 2010 Master course. Although the probability of this limitation to exist is minimal because the programme director is looking into find mitigation plans in place. Lastly, a time limitation is also due to the time, the sample population projected involved in this project will be carried out on a small scale around Oxford town centre area. There is enough literature around this subject area and any needed information can be obtained during my research. PERCEIVED ONLINE RISK _ The term perceived online risk means the individual has subjective belief about potentially negative consequence from his/her decision (Kim and Lee, 2008). In other words, perceived is used as opposed to objective outcome distributions of an alternative or a product class with which a consumer is associated with. Davis and Olson (1985) defined risk as a situation where a decision-maker has priority knowledge of the adverse consequence and the occurrence probability. In addition, uncertainty is defined as a situation where a decision-maker knows that possible outcomes for each alternative can be identified; however there is no knowledge of the probability attached to each. In consumer research, risk means a situation where a consumer knows neither the consequences of the alternatives nor the probability of occurrence for the outcome (Dowling, 1986). According to Turban et al (2010) an online shopper will gain benefits in terms of vast selection, screening, reliability, and product comparisons. Additionally, consumers can judge the products relying on either the ratings or reputations of e- retailers or from those who have made a purchase in the online interactive communication environment. Finally, consumers are allowed to compare numerous items under various categories and their prices in order to make the choices among the alternatives or substitutes (Rowley, 2000). On the other hand, the uncertainty regarding system security, reliability, standards, and security of private financial information, such as disclosing credit cards and personal information etc are all reasons which probably increase a certain degree of perceived risk when shopping on the Internet. Ha (2002) points that, the traditional shopping channel, at the cyber shopping environment, perceived risk is defined as the potential for loss in pursuing a desired outcome while engaged in online shopping. Besides, the Internet, just like any type of non-store shopping, makes it difficult to examine physical goods; consumers must rely upon somewhat limited information and pictures shown on the computer screen (Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky and Vitale, 2000). Hence, the performance risk in online shopping tends to increase due to the lack of accurate judge of the product quality compared to the traditional shopping environment (Vijayasarathy and Jones, 2000). As in the real store, this risk is also deemed by Kim and Lennon (2000) to be greatest when the product is technologically complex or the price is high. Additionally, the issue of financial security, invasion of privacy and hacker attacks has become the primary concern of online shopper in the worldwide (Strader and Shaw, 1999). Time risk associated with the operation of online purchases in this study focuses on the perceived lost or cost of time for customers information search activities without excluding the traditional meaning. Overall, the Internet is still considered a risky shopping channel which means a considerable portion of consumers perceives that risks outweigh the advantages of online shopping in their purchase decisions. TYPES OF PERCEIVED ONLINE RISK _ Although compared to traditional shopping channels, it is evident that online shopping is a rather innovative and convenient way, more and more recent researches have pointed out the existing problems to be settled in this constantly changing marketing channel, which make it too risky to purchase through Internet and rely on it. In this channel, individuals have to make decisions of buying products based on limited and static information displayed on the screen such as the picture and price, but cannot inspect and touch the physical goods, they see on the computer screen (Kim, Tao, Shin, Kim, 2009). Moreover, the uncertainty regarding system security, reliability, standards, and security of private financial information, such as disclosing credit cards and personal information etc are all reasons probably increase a certain degree of perceived risk when shopping on the Internet. Several types of risk that consumers perceive can be listed as functional risk, physical risk, financial risk, social risk, and psychological risk (Jacoby and Kaplan, 1972). Roselius (1971) also proposed a slightly different conceptualization of the perceived risk types by identifying the possible losses that a consumer may experience due to a purchasing decision, these are, time loss, hazard loss, ego loss, and money loss. Financial risk is the most common online concern; this type of risk is inter-connected with general security perception of consumers towards the online shop. Tian and Ren (n.d.) point out that, Many online consumers are worry about the security of online payment, and often stop payment somehow during the procedure. It should be understood that most consumers who would terminate their payment procedure are the first time. For experience online consumer, they will have devised an alternative way of making payments such as third party payment or other safe online payment services or cash payment on delivery. Privacy risk is described by Jarvenpaa and Todd (1997) to be the degree to which consumers suffer a loss of privacy owing to personal information collected when shopping online. On the other hand, it can be considered as one type of psychological risk. Previous research by Dholaka (2001) has theorized that psychological risk is the experience of anxiety or discomfort arising from anticipated post- behavioural affective reactions, or worry and regret of purchasing and using the product. Consequently, lack of privacy protecting and private information exposure constantly remaining in the Internet shopping site arouse consumers fear of the purchase. It is notable that the psychological aspect is first proposed as a major perceived risk type. Consumers form perceptions regarding intangible psychic costs in the form of anxiety, frustration, and down time along with tangible financial and performance losses. Thus, the perceived risk can be in psychological/social terms, or in economic/func tional terms, or in some combination of both forms (Taylor, 1974). According to Strader and Shaw (1999), the key risks in the online context are identified to be financial, performance, and privacy risks. Performance risk related to the online sellers post-sale service, good return guarantee for faulty items and product warranty, etc Performance risk can related to the online sellers post-sale service, good return guarantee for faulty items and product warranty, etc. Unlikely on physical shop, consumer buying online product or services have to rely on limited information on their computer screens, There is no physical examination of the product so buyers have rely on the measurements from the seller and pictures. Hence, the performance risk in online shopping tends to increase due to the lack of accurate judge of the product quality compared to the traditional shopping environment (Vijayasarathy and Jones, 2000). As in the real store, this risk is also deemed by Kim and Lennon (2000) to be greatest when the product is technologically complex or the price is high. Kwon (1998) argued another risk factor at cyber-shopping malls is the delivery time gap, or named delivery interval, which is about the gap between the purchase and the delivery. Likewise, consumer easily feels anxious about the time gap between cost and consumption. Another point is, time risk associated with the operation of online purchases in this study focuses on the perceived lost or cost of time for customers information search activities without excluding the traditional meaning. Brooker (1984) has suggested personal risks and non-personal risks. Personal risks are defined as the risks that are related to self-image, self-concept or social evaluation. In addition, Kotler (1984) argued that personal risks are caused by purchasing of personal items that are expensive, purchased infrequently, or socially significant products, such as clothes, accessories, sports equipment, and automobiles. Additionally, the issue of financial security, invasion of privacy and hacker attacks has become the primary concern of online shopper in the worldwide (Strader and Shaw, 1999). Similar to the traditional shopping channel, at the cyber shopping environment, perceived risk is defined as the potential for loss in pursuing a desired outcome while engaged in online shopping. However, the social and physical risks in online commerce have less to do with consumer perceived risk (Ha, 2002). PECEIVED RISK AND TRUST ON INTERNET _ Internet shopping appeared as a new type of shopping method approximately 20years ago, has been getting more attention along with the spread of Internet due to the unbeatable convenience it brought about to the consumers. In addition to convenience, previous researches indicate other attractive factors. The transaction can be held in anyplace accessed to Internet. Furthermore, consumers can buy a wide choice of products across the geographic boundaries while saving time and absence of sales pressure without worrying about the transportation and parking (McQuitty and Peterson, 2000). More importantly, concerning the study of online consumer behaviour, the Internet environment positively affects the consumers decision to shop. Hardin (1992) highlights that trust depends on three different elements: 1) Properties of the individual who want to trust another individual, 2) Attributes of the trustee and 3) The context in which trust is established. All definitions are based on the individuals perception of risk. Both definitions are based on the individuals perception of risk towards a relationship where the outcomes of the relationship are more or less uncertain. Similarly, Bromley and Cummings (1995) viewed trust as an expectation of the trusted individual to be honest and fulfil its promises. The nature and development of trust, has draw the attention from different academic areas, mainly from psychology, sociology, marketing and business theory. From a psychological perspective, similarly, Robinson (1996:576) defined trust as: A persons expectations, assumptions, or beliefs about the likelihood that anothers future actions will be beneficial, favourable, or at least not detrimental to ones interests. Smith and Shao (2007) characterized trust as the undertaking of a risky course of action on the confident expectation that all persons involved in the action will act competently and responsibly. Furthermore, Pearce (1974), on developing a model of interpersonal trust, notes that trust is based on assumptions of others knowledge, competence and motivation. However, those three perspectives perceive trust as one individuals action, rather as an element of a relationship. Moving to the business literature, the concept of trust is again largely based on a relationship approach, and evolves overtime. Swan et al (1989), examining how industrial salespeople gain customers trust, mention that trust has a dynamic nature as it builds over the history of interactions between the trade partners. While Doney and Cannon (1997), suggest that trust is developed under certain processes. According to their research, those are: Calculative process, when one party calculates the costs of failure during the exchange. Prediction process, when one party acquires information to predict about the credibility of the other party. Capability process, based on the perception that one party has that the other has the capabilities to perform as promised. Intentionally process, based on the perception that one party has about the intention of the other. Transference process, based on gaining trust from third parties when little or no prior experience exists between the exchange parties. As previously mentioned, it is logical for consumers to engage in trust relationships, when they feel a level of uncertainty with the outcomes of an exchange, or with the circumstances under which the exchange takes place. During online purchases process that insecurity refers to the use of the Internet, as a commercial medium, or to online sellers reliability. Considering the fact that the increase of trust reduces the perceived risks during an online purchase, and that those risks has proven to be negative towards a purchase decision, we can conclude that trust is a crucial factor for the success of e-commerce or internet shopping. (Jarvenpaa Tractinsky, 1999). Table 2: authors who agree/disagree on what consumers perceptions References Study Focus Agree/Disagrees McQuitty and Peterson, (2000) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with home entertainment systems online sales technical complex of product increases perceived risks product risks increases the perceived online risk age does is not a factor in perceiving risk expensive items increases perceived risk Smith and Shao (2007) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with financial risks contribute to the perceived perceived risk is higher for feel and touch products Swan et al (1989) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with consumer trust /sales increasing experience of online shop reduced perceived online risk Jarvenpaa Tractinsky, (1999) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with consumer trust product risks increases the perceived online risk age does is not a factor in perceiving risk expensive items increases perceived risk Internet as a commercial medium poses security concerns such as credit-card fraud by hackers and also concerns about the lack of a predictable legal framework on which online purchases take place (.e. which government laws apply in every situation(Ratnasigham,1998). In addition, lack of social interactions between consumers and e-sellers and the fact that, as with other distance purchases, consumers have to pay in first in order to receive goods or services, increase the risks, therefore increase consumers concerns. According to Culnan and Armstrong (1999), another difficulty faced on e-commerce purchases is that trust has to be communicated solely through interaction with a web site. Lack of trust towards e-commerce sellers has its grounds to security concerns such as fraud by illegal merchants, privacy concerns i.e. using the personal information for commercial purposes, or performance concerns such as receiving low quality products or services. Hoffman et al. (1999) emphasize that the reason many consumers do not proceed to online purchases is that they simply do not trust most of the Web merchants to give their credit card information or personal information. Lack of environmental control exists while consumers have less control of online sellers actions over their bank card information. Lack of control over personal information is very important specifically the concern that online sellers use their personal information for marketing promotional purposes, without their knowledge or permission. The significance of trust can be justified by Keen (2000), who interviewed consumers on the advantages and disadvantages of the e-commerce, trying to identify what factors can add more value to the customers. Examining the results, we can identify that most of the factors are related to the concept of online trust, which sellers ought to convince consumer of security measure to minimise fraud or minimise misuse of personal information, guarantee reliable delivery and make clear information relating to easy return process. To conclude, the e-commerce will offer more value to the consumer, by the time it will improve in terms of security, privacy, and performance, or in other words, by the time it becomes more trustworthy. Table 3: authors who agree/disagree on what consumers perceived risks References Study Focus Agree/Disagrees Ratnasingham (1998) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with importance of trust in e-commerce financial risks contribute to the perceived Culnan and Armstrong (1999) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with privacy concerns, impersonal trust increasing experience of online shop reduced perceived online risk Hoffman et al. (1999) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with information privacy in market place positive online shopping experience reduces consumers perceived risk Keen (2000) Conducted a study of risk perceptions associated with ensuring trust online financial risks contribute to the perceived increasing experience of online shop reduced perceived online risk BUSINESS AND CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS OF RISK CONSUMERS PERCEPTION OF ONLINE RISK _ Previous researches (Cox and Rich, 1967; Spence et al., 1970; Gillet, 1976 and Korgaonakar, 1982;) related to mode of shopping suggested that perceived risk is affected by what is purchased and how it is purchased. Their studies concluded that consumers perceive more purchasing risk when buying an item by telephone or mail catalog than when buying in a store or from a salesman. Furthermore, the level of perceived risk is related to store selection (Dash et al., 1976; Hirsch, et al., 1976; Korgaonakar, 1982). This is to say, consumers who perceive less purchasing online risk would choose the specialty store, and low social, high economic risk products to the mall and other types of products. Overall, the Internet is still considered a risky shopping place which means a considerable portion of consumers perceive risks outweigh the advantages of online shopping in their purchase decisions. As what Darian (1987) stated, people tend to feel uneasy with faceless retailer, because they are much more familiar with offline shopping rather than the online shopping and fear about the potential deception. Because earlier consumers bought all their services straight from the service provider, research focused mostly on the consumer-provider or business-to-customer (B2C) interaction. So far little research has been dedicated to consumer perceived online risks in electronic services, from late 1990s most studies maintain that consumers perceive largely the same risks in electronic compare to other services. Although internet is new to many ordinary shoppers, it has a great potential for marketing and online sales. Much has been researched before but because higher risks are associated with unknown situations, it is arguable if the online risks studied in earlier research are still similar with present issues being raised regarding online shopping experiences.

How to Make Enchiladas (Informative Speech)

In a couple of hours it will be time for dinner. If you’re anything like me, you’ll probably stand in the middle of the kitchen or stare at the fridge aimlessly, thinking about what you can come up with tonight. When looking for a delicious, quick and easy dinner†¦ I have a solution for you. Make Enchiladas! They only take about an hour and a half to make, and are something the whole family will enjoy. I’ll tell you how to make Easy Enchiladas and you decide if it makes you hungry or not. Before cooking anything it is always best to wash your hands and any countertops or cutting boards that you will place food on.Some quick preparation that can be done before starting; is thawing out the chicken ahead of time to make cooking time shorter, shred cheese if needed but I like to use the pre shredded cheese, open the Enchilada sauce cans, and pre heat your oven to about 350. All the supplies you will need are pretty inexpensive. My recipe makes about twenty enchi ladas. The food items you will need are: 5 Boneless skinless chicken breasts, 2 cans of La Victoria enchilada sauce, one bag of any medium cheddar cheese (about 8 cups if shredding by hand) and twenty corn tortillas.Utensils needed are a big pot to boil the chicken in, a strainer, two bowls (one big and one small), can opener, big spoon, and a baking pan to fit the enchiladas in. Once you have all the supplies and prep done, now you are ready to start making the enchilada filling. First you will want to fill your big pot about three quarters of the way full with water and bring it to a boil. When the water starts to boil you can add the chicken breast. Be careful because the pot and water are extremely hot and may splash back up at you.You will want to let the chicken boil for about fourty-five minutes to one hour. I check if the chicken is cooked all the way through by cutting a breast in half and making sure there is no pink in the meat. When the chicken is done, you will want to strain the water from the chicken (being cautious again from the steam coming off the chicken and out of the pot, VERY HOT! I have burned myself many times straining chicken. ) Let your chicken cool down for about fifteen minutes to make it easier to handle. Once it’s cool to touch, you can then hand shred it.Basically just take a piece and start pulling it a part into bite size strands. Put it in a big bowl and add one and a third of cans of the Enchilada sauce to your chicken and mix. Your filling is now done. Next you will want to wrap twenty corn tortillas in a cloth and microwave for two to two and a half minutes (just until they are soft). You can now put the rest of the leftover enchilada sauce into the small bowl for tortilla dipping. Dip a tortilla into the sauce and make sure it has a good amount all over. This is done to give the tortillas that enchilada kick.Set your tortilla down in the baking pan and put a spoon full of the Enchilada filling on top along with a pinch of cheese. Roll up the enchilada as you would a taco or a burrito. Repeat dipping, adding chicken and cheese, and rolling of enchiladas; placing the enchiladas side by side, until the whole baking pan is full. Now for the best part! Add as much cheese to the top of the enchiladas as you’d like. (I usually add a smaller layer over the whole thing). Crank your oven up to 375-400 and put the enchiladas (uncovered) in.Watch them carefully because some cheese melts faster than others. Leave them in the oven for about 15 minutes. Just depending on when the cheese starts to melt or turn golden brown. You can now take your enchiladas out and let them cool down because they should be pretty hot. Serve them to your family and watch them enjoy. This is a quick and easy recipe that I have adapted from my grandmas recipe, to make it an Easy enchilada dinner. I hope that you now will go home and try making them yourself, their pretty good! Thank you for your time.

Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring Essay

Who is Jean Watson and what is her contribution to the nursing profession? Jean Watson is a Distinguished Professor of Nursing and holds the Murchinson-Scoville Endowed Chair in Caring Science at the University of Colorado, Denver College of Nursing and Anschutz Medical Center Campus. She earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and psychiatric-mental health nursing, and a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling. She has received several national and international honors and honorary doctoral degrees. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing and is Founder and Director of the Watson Caring Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado (www.watsoncaringscience.org a non-profit foundation established to further the work of Caring Science in the world. Dr. Watson has published numerous works on her philosophy and theory of human caring. Her theory is used to guide transformative models of caring and healing practices around the world (Cara 2003). This paper will ex plore the elements of Jean Watson’s theory of caring. It will explain how her theory can be applied in the clinical setting, and how it has impacted the nursing profession and influenced healthcare. Nurses define caring in various ways depending on their level of education, professional experience, personal values and professional focus. The concept of caring is central to the nursing profession. As Jean Watson proposed, regardless of their specialty area, nurses have awareness of the interconnectedness of all beings and share the common goal in supporting healing from both scientific and philosophical perspectives. This goal is referred to as the caring-healing consciousness (Sitzman, 2007 p. 9). Jean Watson’s theory of Transpersonal Caring (or Theory of Human Caring) was originally developed in 1979 but has continued to evolve over the years. The three major conceptual elements are: 1) transpersonal  caring relationships 2) ten carative factors 3) caring occasion/caring moment. Through a transpersonal caring relationship, nurses help patients to achieve a higher degree of harmony within the mind, body, and soul. Transpersonal reaches beyond one’s ego and the present moment, and allows one to connect spiritually and promote patient comfort and healing. The transpersonal caring relationship depends on the nurse’s moral commitment in protecting human dignity and the nurse’s caring consciousness in preserving and honoring the embodied spirit. This caring consciousness is essential for the mutual relationship between nurse and patient (Cara 2003). â€Å"The goal of a transpersonal caring relationship corresponds to protecting, enhancing, and preserving the person’s dignity, humanity, wholeness, and inner harmony† (Cara, 2003, p. 53). The ten carative factors developed by Watson in 1979 serve as a guide for the core of nursing. These factors later evolved into ten clinical â€Å"caritas† (meaning to cherish and give special loving attention) processes. While acknowledging medicine’s curative factors and nursing’s legitimate place in that process, Watson’s theory identifies nursing’s carative orientation in healthcare (Sitzman, 2007 p. 9). The ten carative factors are comprised of ten elements: * Formation of a Humanistic-altruistic system of values * Instillation of faith-hope * Cultivation of sensitivity to self and others * Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship * Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions * Creative, individualized problem-solving caring process * Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning * Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environments * Assistance with gratification of basic human needs while preserving human dignity and wholeness * The allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces of caring and healing Watson believes these carative factors are a guide to promoting harmony and dignity into relationships, and provide a structure in understanding nursing as the science of caring (Ryan, 2005). According to Watson, â€Å"a caring occasion occurs whenever the nurse and  another come together with their unique life histories and phenomenal fields in a human-to-human transaction† (Watson, 2010). Jean Watson’s ten clinical caritas were developed to describe fully engaged nursing practice and can be applied to any specialty area or during any nursing activity, or during any verbal exchanges between nurse and patient. As discussed in Ryan (2005), Jean Watson’s theory is being used by nurse recruiters in the selection processes of nursing staff. They inform potential candidates that their facility’s practice is based upon her theory of caring. The interview process may require a candidate to describe a caring moment from their past, and based upon their response, recruiters select candidates who best fit within the nursing culture of caring In addition, job descriptions now state that nurses must be competent in both technological skills and in the carative factors of the caring theory. Moreover, the clinical ladder process has integrated Watson’s theory by requiring the candidate applying for advancement to share a story from their professional pract ice that demonstrates how they positively influenced a patient outcome, and then identify and discuss the carative factors discussed in their story. Educational offerings which previously focused on the physical nature of a medical condition are now focusing on the holistic nursing model instead of the disease-focused medical model. Clinical information system coordinators have revised computerized documentation screens to reflect theory-based nursing practice. Nursing diagnoses and interventions have become linked with the carative factors. Watson discusses the impact of her theory on nursing practice in â€Å"From Theory to Practice: Caring Science According to Watson and Brewer.† In this interview, she states that the increase in frequency and number of Magnet hospital’s use of caring theory is evidence of its impact on nursing. As a result of caritas nursing models, nurses honor their commitment to society and humanity to offer compassionate human caring. In addition to the initiatives of Magnet hospitals, developments in caring-theory guided practices are evident through the gatherings of the International Cari tas Consortium (ICC). The ICC is an invited network of hospitals, educational program representatives, and individuals who are committed to expanding and implementing caring theory/ caritas nursing. As Watson states, â€Å"These individuals explore and experiement in deepening the practices of the human dimensions of caring-healing, returning to  heart-centered-loving practices† (Clarke, Watson, & Brewer 2009, p.340). Hospitals who are dedicated to implementing the caring theory and healing models sponsor these gatherings. Jean Watson states in her interview with Jacqueline Fawcett, RN; PhD; FAAN, (Fawcett 2002) that the value of the human caring theory is a foundational ethic and philosophy for any health professional. She states â€Å"the core of the human caring theory is about human caring relationships and the deeply human experiences of life itself, not just health-illness phenomena, as traditionally defined within medicine† (p. 215). She goes on to state that â€Å"nurses and nursing working from a human caring philosophy bring a different consciousness and energy of wholeness to any setting, offering a counterpoint to the medicalizing-clinicalizing of human experiences in the conventional institutional industrial models of practice† (p. 216). In Fawcetts’s interview, Dr. Watson goes on to say that even though nursing is multiparadigmatic, â€Å"caring can and still must be honored as a core value, knowledge development and practices related to healing and wholeness† (p 216). She believes her theory of transpersonal caring is moving toward a unitary-transformative paradigm, bringing in consciousness, intentionality, energy, evolution, transcendence process, relativity, and things that transcend our conventional medical and modern conventional science models and thereby, more clearly seeing the intersection between arts and humanities and science. In conclusion, Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring provides a foundational philosophy for health professionals. As Watson states â€Å"The core of the human caring theory is about human caring relationships and the deeply human experiences of life itself, not just health-illness phenomena, as traditionally defined within medicine† (Fawcett 2002, p. 215). Jean Watson’s theory affirms, guides and solidifies nursing practice. References Cara, C. (2003). A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory. International Journal for Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu Clarke, P., Watson, J., & Brewer, B. (2009). From theory to practice: Caring science according to Watson and Brewer. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(4). doi: 10.1177/0894318409344769 Fawcett, J. (2002). The Nurse theorists: 21st-Century updates. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(3), 214-219. doi: 10.1177/089431840201500307 George, J.B. (2002). Nursing theories the base for professional nursing practice (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Ryan, L. (2005). The journey to integrate Watson’s caring theory with clinical practice. International Journal for Human Caring, 9(3), 26-30. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu Sitzman, K. (2007). Teaching-learning professional caring based on Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. International Journal for Human Caring, 11(4), 8-16. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.gardner-webb.edu Watson, J. (2010). Watson’s Caring Science Institute website. Retrieved from www. watsoncaringscience.org/j_watson/index.html